The gibbs function change measures the electrical work and the enthalpy change is a measure of the heating value of the fuel. Fuel cell seminar report with ppt and pdf parts of fuel cells there are 4 main parts anode cathode catalyst proton exchange membrane types of. However, we still need to convert the electrical energy into mechanical work. This makes it difficult for researchers to compare devices on an equivalent basis. Creates electricity through electrochemical process. This formulation was primarily used to analyze the effect of sudden current changes on the air stoichiometry and net power developed. The fuel cell therefore is not limited by the carnot ef. Pdf on efficiency of both single fuel cells and stacks i. Sumit thakur ece seminars fuel cell seminar and ppt with pdf report. Energy efficiency and fuel consumption of fuel cells powered. Internationally renowned specialists provide authoritative introductions to a wide variety of fuel cell types, and discuss materials, components, and systems for these technologies. The hydrogen tanks all of our hydrogen tanks are produced inhouse and specially designed for mirai.
Fuel cells powered by pure hydrogen emit no harmful pollutants, only pure water. The efficiency characteristics of fuel cells compared with other electric power generating systems are shown in. Since all three types of cars have many of the same components tires, transmissions, et cetera, well ignore that part of the car and compare efficiencies up to the point where. The problem with fuel cells is that they are expensive technology compared to what is already in terms of energy storage. The power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors, including the fuel cell type, size, temperature at which it operates, and pressure at which gases are supplied. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical. In hydrogen fuel cells, hydrogen molecules bond with oxygen to produce water. Abstract for the purpose of an environmental burden reduction and an improvement of energy efficiency, we. Box 880 morgantown, west virginia 265070880 november 2004.
Our work, leisure, and our economic, social and physical welfare all depend on the sufficient, uninterrupted supply of energy. By comparing a fuel cell powered car to a gasolineenginepowered car and a batterypowered car, you can see how fuel cells might improve the efficiency of cars today. Highly efficient power generation process drives economics scalable as fuel cell plants can be added incrementally in a cost effective manner to generate additional power minimizes or avoids transmission and associated distribution costs advances sustainability ultra. Fuel cells fuel cells are the most energy efficient devices for extracting power from fuels. The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of. Fcvs run on hydrogen gas rather than gasoline and emit no harmful tailpipe emissions.
However, they assumed that the temperature was constant and uniform throughout the fuel cell body, anode volume, and cathode volume. Fuel cells are being developed as a powering method which may be able to provide clean and efficient energy conversion from chemicals to work. Gasoline and battery power efficiency how fuel cells work. Fuel cell vehicles fcvs are now for sale or lease in the united states although availability is limited to areas with an adequate number of hydrogen refueling stations. The fuel cell efficiency for hydrogenoxygen fuel cells can be obtained by dividing the cell voltage at operation by 1. Those three states comprise 95 percent of the current domestic fuel cell market. Due to fuel cell design and water management issues etc. Fuel cell engine technology hydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies.
The cost analysis assumes that the currentlyavailable federal tax credit for fuel cell purchases is available to help effectively lower the purchased cost of fuel cell systems. To increase the amount of electricity generated, individual fuel cells are combined in series to form a stack. The component unit of a fuel cell is called a cell or unit cell. Fuel cell problems cost cost of a new technology is always high initially until highvolume manufacturing brings cost down need initial applications without entrenched lowcost alternatives fuels for fuel cells most fuel cells use only pure hydrogen fuel not available in large quantities.
The efficiency of the ideal fuel cell is therefore. Yet we take it for granted and energy demand continues to grow, year after. Fuel cells are characterized by their electrolyte material. Most fuel cell stacks, regardless of fuel cell type, size and fuels used are of this configuration. In the fuel cell simulations, the fuel cell model that is part of the original advisor program was used with a maximum efficiency of 60%. Optimizing the operational efficiency of a pem fuel cell for use in. This is accomplished by the electric motor and inverter. The most common fuel cell configuration is shown in figure 2. Grove utilized four cells, each containing hydrogen and oxygen, to produce electric power which was then used to split the water in the smaller upper cell. An evaluation of the total cost of ownership of fuel cell. Progress, challenges, and future directions nancy l. When hydrogen is used, the only byproduct is water. The direct methanol fuel cell dmfc, represent an interesting solution to produce electricity. Thermodynamic efficiency of hydrogen fuel cells mech tech.
The fuel cell stack the fuel cell stack generates power by combining hydrogen with oxygen from the outside air. Energy efficiency and fuel consumption of fuel cells. Fuel cells incorporate an anode and a cathode, with an electrolyte in between, similar to a battery. Jennifer kurtz, huyen dinh, sam sprik, genevieve saur, chris ainscough, mike peters. This saves hydrogen while waiting at traffic lights or in traffic jams. Microbial fuel cell mfc research is a rapidly evolving field that lacks established terminology and methods for the analysis of system performance. The higher heating value is used in the remaining calculations since most fuel cells operate below the boiling point of water. The fuel cell is analogous to a battery which is constantly being recharged with fresh reactants. Fuel cell vehicles fcvs have the potential to significantly reduce our dependence on foreign oil and lower harmful emissions that cause climate change. The next step is to determine fuel cell efficiency.
Toyota has helped lead the industry in this fuel cell stack efficiency, achieving a high power output from a relatively compact system. Fuel economy analysis of mediumheavyduty trucks 2015. The performance of larger complex fuel cell reactor systems may be modeled based on collections of the str pem fuel cell. Like a battery, each fuel cell comprises an electrolyte an. A 2015 hydrogen and fuel cell development plan was created for each state in the northeast region massachusetts, vermont, new hampshire, connecticut, rhode island, maine, new york, and new jersey, with support from the united states u. A single fuel cell produces barely enough voltage for even the smallest applications. Potential benefits of fuel cell mhe such as improved productivity, and more broadly the potential for increased sales and profits, were not evaluated. Figure 22 effect of fuel utilization on voltage efficiency and overall cell. The study of the efficiency of a direct methanol fuel cell. Regenerative fuel cells are a comparatively new type of fuel cell technology that is currently under development by organizations such as nasa. An introduction to fuel cell technology and economics. Hydrogen tank refilling takes 3 to 5 minutes, and the vehicle with full tank can cover almost 500 km. Stationary fuel cell power systems with direct fuelcell.
To increase the voltage, individual fuel cells are combined in series to form a stack. Fuel cell efficiency how fuel cells work howstuffworks. Yoneyama railway technical research institute, tokyo, japan 1. Our initial fuel cell studies have with three fundamental questions. This technology in which about six fuel cell types evolved in the pasted.
Reaction engineering of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Fuel cells are theoretically much more efficient than conventional power generation. Fuel cell efficiency since fuel cells use materials that are typically burnt to release their energy,gy, y the fuel cell efficiency is described as the ratio of the electrical energy produced to the heat that is produced by burning the fuel its enthalpy of formation or. Calculate the amount of hydrogen that has to be stored onboard. First fuel cellfirst fuel cell 3 in 1839, william grove, a british jurist and amateur physicist, first discovered the principle of the fuel cell. Further, the paper looks to introduce both the technical and economic issues facing the introduction of this technology. This system should be capable of delivering the needed.
A durable fuel cell power system including hydrogen storage that achieves 60% energy efficiency when operating at peak power and that offers a 325 wkg power density and 220 wl operating on hydrogen. Mikko kotisaari, research scientist, fuel cells, vtt maximizing the efficiency and lifetime of fuel cells with optimum humidification benefits include zero emissions at the operating site and silent operation. An efficiency of around 50 to 60 percent can be expected when solid oxide fuel cells are used to convert fuel into electricity. A fuel cell makes electricity using the energy released by mixing fuel with air, a reaction which creates water and sometimes also carbon dioxide. Maximizing the efficiency and lifetime of fuel cells with. The report consists of 1 an overview of the fuel cells program including a brief discussion of how fuel cells work. The other options are those such as deep cycle batteries. Energy procedia 28 2012 2 a 11 18766102 2012 published by elsevier ltd. Capable of running on a variety of fuels, including hydrogen, natural gas, and biogas, fuel cells can provide clean power for applications ranging from less than a watt to multiple megawatts.
A fuel cell is a device for directly converting the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy in a constant temperature process. Thermodynamic efficiency of hydrogen fuel cells youtube. Proton exchange membrane pem hydrogen fuel cells are growing in popularity. Connecticut and new york follow as the second and third ranked states with current fuel cell installations at 25 mw and 10 mw, respectively. The fuel cell stack end plates have only a singlesided flow field. This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information. No sustainable economy can afford to use twice the amount of renewable energy to drive with fuel cell passenger cars rather than batterypowered vehicles, says. Suitable for small medium size passenger planes motor inverter battery motor inverter generator battery turbine fuel motor inverter fuel cell battery fuel. Low cost, high efficiency, reversible fuel cell systems nrel. The compressed hydrogen tanks and fuel cell data are based on the following parameters. The usage of fuel cells translates to much lower operating costs at the same power generation capacity because of the higher efficiency of fuel cells.
The numerous different fuel cell technologies each have their own strengths and weaknesses. The fuel cell drive is complemented with a startstop system which allows fuel cell cars to be twice as efficient as a car with a modern internal combustion engine. Fuel cells have been under development for over 40 years as an emerging power source however, fuels. Fuel cells have the potential to replace the internal combustion engine in vehicles and to provide power in stationary and portable power applications because they are energy efficient, clean, and fuel flexible. Fuel cell electric vehicle durability and fuel cell. They can reach a fueltoelectricity efficiency of 50%, considerably higher than the 3742% efficiency of a phosphoric acid fuel cell plant. But reaching that potential in a practical and affordable way might be difficult. An overview of fuel cells currently under development. Engineering issues like how to cool the fuel cell stack and whether to pressurize the fuel cell are discussed in general terms and the feasibility of certain design options is determined. The power plants are fuelled by hydrogen and oxygen from cryogenic tanks and provide both electrical power and drinking water.
Pdf the basic principles of work of proton exchange membrane fuel cell pemfc are presented. The fuel cell system that has been studied for ts prolific is intended to be silent rather than environmentally benign. Since solid oxide fuel cells operate at very high temperatures, there is no need for catalysts made from precious metals. The average speed and power of an automotive fuel cell system over a 400 km range are 9 ms and 9 kw, respectively, and the average fuel cell efficiency lhv during that ride is 53%. Fuel cell simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This page contains fuel cell seminar and ppt with pdf report. Fuel cell is an excellent power generation source where electric current is generated with no environmental or noise pollution as the end product of the process is heat and water.
Fuel cells which operate on fossil fuels as well as on hydrogen serve as a transitional technology, as the world moves away from fossil fuels, and as an end point. A fuel cell forklift also called a fuel cell lift truck is a fuel cell powered industrial forklift truck used to lift and transport materials. Bipolar plates on either side of the cell help distribute gases and serve as current collectors. The vehicle uses a lithium battery to power the car, while the fuel cell recharges the battery. Efficiencies can be as high as 65% when the fuel cell is paired with a turbine, and 85% if heat is captured and used in a combined heat and power chp system. A fuel cell is composed of an anode, cathode, and an electrolyte membrane. The fuel cell stack prototype was also designed and manufactured with 10 meas containing 0. Fuel cells are currently used in a vast array of technologies, and are specifically used in vehicles and aerospace applications. Fuel cell efficiency an overview sciencedirect topics. Pdf analyses of characteristics and efficiency of fuel cell.
A single fuel cell consists of an electrolyte sandwiched between two electrodes, an anode and a cathode. A solid oxide fuel cell or sofc is an electrochemical conversion device that produces electricity directly from oxidizing a fuel. That is, it converts 80 percent of the energy content of the hydrogen into electrical energy. Technoeconomic challenges of fuel cell commercialization.
For transportation applications, doe is focusing on direct hydrogen fuel cells, in which onboard storage of hydrogen is supplied by a. Fuel economy estimates and other information are provided below. An analysis of their real efficiencies and productivity vis. The bclass f cell agility the bclass f cell is designed for maximum efficiency. Each cell mea is separated by a plate with flow fields on both sides to distribute the fuel and oxidant. The free energy of formation of 1 mole 18 grams of liquid water from hydrogen and oxygen gases at atmospheric pressure is 56. An aip system with sinavy pem fuel cells modules can be added to existing submarines. If the fuel cell is powered with pure hydrogen, it has the potential to be up to 80percent efficient. The most common fuel for fuel cells is hydrogen, which when reacted with oxygen from air produces only water. The entries also cover sustainability and marketing considerations, including comparisons of fuel cells with alternative technologies. In 20 there were over 4,000 fuel cell forklifts used in material handling in the us, 125 of which 500 received funding from doe 2012. Beyond the environmental benefits, fuel cells are also an extremely efficient, reliable, and quiet source of power. The choice of electrolyte material also governs the operating temperature of the fuel cell. Seventh edition fuel cell handbook technical report.
Hydrogen generation and carbonmanagement technologies can be developed, which can significantly reduce pollutants and greenhouse gases from. The material used for the electrolyte and the design of the supporting structure determine the type and performance of the fuel cell. Each fuel cell is capable of supplying 12 kilowatts continuously, and up to 16 kilowatts for short periods. The electrical energy generated by fuel cell depends on what is called the free energy rather than on heat energy of the overall cell reaction. Similar to a flat dry cell battery, a fuel cell consists of a cathode air electrode and an anode fuel electrode, as well as a thin plastic sheet electrolyte placed between the two electrodes.
Increased fuelcell output voltage enables reduction in the size of the electric motor, as well as in the number of fuel cells. Enthalpy and entropy of hydrogen fuel cell reaction efficiency of hydrogen fuel cells by considering the higher heating value of. This is a simple model in which the fuel cell efficiency at a particular power level is just a function of the power ratio pp max. Because the fuel is not combusted, but instead reacts electrochemically, there is minimal air pollution associated with its use. One measure of the energy conversion efficiency of a fuel cell is the ratio of the actual. Grove utilized four cells, each containing hydrogen and oxygen, to produce electric power which was then used to split the water in the smaller upper cell into hydrogen and oxygen. Fuel cell seminar report with ppt and pdf study mafia. The term fuel cell is often used to refer to the entire stack, as well as to the individual cell.
Fuel cell vehicles are potentially as efficient as a batterypowered car that relies on a non fuel burning power plant. Fuel cells do not need to be periodically recharged like batteries, but instead continue to produce electricity as long as a fuel source is provided. Department of energy office of fossil energy national energy technology laboratory p. California leads the nation in fuel cell installations, with just under 45 mw, roughly split half natural gas and half biogas. Fuel cells offer the potential for clean, quiet, and efficient power generation. Since the efficiency of fuel cells can be as twice as high as that of the ic engines and boilers, emission reduction could be doubled if they were used in place of traditional engines. A perspective of thermodynamic and production efficiencies introduction. H h o benefits of fuel cells fuel cells generate clean power and can use a range of fuels. An overview comparison of fuel cell technologies by the fuel cell technologies office. The construction and analysis of mfcs requires knowledge of different scientific and engineering fields, ranging. Evaluation of energy efficiency of gasoline ices, diesel ices, cng vehicles, and bevs evaluation of efficiency of fuel cell components evaluation of energy efficiency of fcvs presentation of the results at evs18 and evs20 past activities jeva total efficiency research group was established. Fuel cell systems are a clean, efficient, reliable, and quiet source of power. Energy efficiency and fuel consumption of fuel cells powered test railway vehicle k.
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